Spatial modeling of information leakage risks in office networks: construction of a controlled zone

Abstract

The relevance of this study is determined by the growing risks of confidential information leakage in office networks caused by electromagnetic emissions from technical devices. Modern office environments are heavily saturated with wireless services, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa, mobile terminals, and IoT devices, and even low-power signals extending beyond building boundaries can create technical channels for unauthorized interception. This situation highlights the need for scientifically justified models capable of predicting spatial vulnerability zones and supporting the design of protective measures. The core problem lies in the absence of universal methods for quantitative evaluation of spatial risks that would simultaneously account for diverse building materials, architectural layouts, and internal environmental conditions. Existing empirical approaches either lack accuracy or are excessively resource-intensive for practical integration into information security management systems. The purpose of the article is to develop a spatial-mathematical model for the identification and optimization of a “controlled zone” within office premises, in which the signal level is reliably reduced below the detection threshold of unauthorized receivers. 
The methodology builds on a modified Hata model adapted for indoor environments by incorporating absorption coefficients of typical building materials such as concrete, brick, glass, and gypsum board, as well as the exponential attenuation law. The approach includes the construction of a binary coverage matrix to generate vulnerability maps and applies an optimization algorithm for sensor placement based on the maximum coverage criterion subject to budgetary constraints. The proposed method was validated through an experimental case study of a typical office. The results show that at a frequency of 96.1 MHz and transmission power of 2.3 mW, the attenuation boundary occurs at distances beyond 10 m, while the recommended controlled zone encompasses approximately 24 × 8.5 m. The model ensures precise forecasting of radio leakage zones and supports optimization of the required number of sensors. The key findings demonstrate that combining the adapted Hata model with matrix-based coverage representation provides an effective means of identifying spatial information leakage risks. Furthermore, the results can be integrated into information security management systems in line with ISO/IEC 27005 standards and national regulations in the field of technical information protection.
The practical significance of the study lies in its applicability to governmental bodies, business centers, and critical infrastructure facilities where reliable planning of controlled zones is essential to minimize the probability of technical leakage channels and optimize monitoring costs.