ARCHITECTURAL PATTERNS OF IОT SYSTEMS IN SMART AGRICULTURE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34185/1991-7848.itmm.2026.01.080Keywords:
Internet of Things, precision agriculture, IoT architecture, layered architecture, design patterns, smart farmingAbstract
The rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in agriculture has increased the need to understand how these systems are designed. This paper analyzes IoT system architectures used in smart agriculture, with a focus on layered models. A set of 18 research articles describing real IoT systems was reviewed. Based on this analysis, three main architecture types were identified: three-layer, four-layer, and five-layer models. The results show that the four-layer architecture is the most commonly used, as it provides better scalability and supports distributed systems through the use of a gateway or edge layer. In addition to layered models, several design patterns that correspond to specific system needs were identified. These patterns extend system functionality but do not replace the base architecture. The results show that the choice of architecture depends on system scale and requirements, and this choice has a direct impact on system performance and scalability.
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